In statistical mechanics, multiplicity refers to the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate of a system. Microstates represent the different ways in which the system's particles can be arranged while still satisfying the constraints imposed by the macrostate (e.g., total energy, volume, etc.).
To determine the change in multiplicity due to the transfer of heat, we typically need to know more about the system's properties, such as the number of particles, the energy levels available to those particles, and any other relevant information about the system's configuration.
Without further information, it is not possible to calculate the precise change in multiplicity resulting from the transfer of two kilojoules of heat at 298 Kelvin. Multiplicity is a system-specific property that depends on the unique characteristics and constraints of the system under consideration.
If you can provide additional details about the system, its properties, or the specific problem you are working on, I'll be happy to assist you further in understanding or calculating the multiplicity.
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Does anyone have the answers to the end of semester test B for chemistry on Edmentum?
Determine the internal energy change of hydrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heatedfrom 200 to 800 K, using (a) the empirical specific heat equation as a function oftemperature (Table A 2c), (b) the cv value at the average temperature (Table A-2b), and(c) the cv value at room temperature (Table A 2a)
The internal energy change of hydrogen as it is heated from 200 to 800 K can be calculated using different methods.
One way is to use the empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature, which is provided in Table A-2c.
This equation gives the specific heat of hydrogen as a function of temperature. By integrating this equation over the temperature range, one can calculate the change in internal energy.
Another method is to use the specific heat values provided in Table A-2b and Table A-2a. Table A-2b provides the specific heat at the average temperature, while Table A-2a provides the specific heat at room temperature.
By multiplying the specific heat values by the mass and the temperature change, one can obtain the internal energy change.
For example, if the specific heat at the average temperature is 2.02 kJ/kg K and the temperature change is 600 K, then the internal energy change can be calculated as 2.02 x 600 = 1212 kJ/kg.
This method is simpler and more straightforward than using the empirical specific heat equation, but it assumes that the specific heat is constant over the temperature range, which may not always be the case.
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From the following list, select all the reducing agents that are commonly used in organic reactions.A. NaNH2B. CrO3 in acidC. H2 with a metal catalystD. NaBH4E. Na in NH3 (l)
D. NaBH4 is a reducing agent commonly used in organic reactions. It reduces carbonyl groups (such as aldehydes and ketones) to alcohols. None of the other options listed include a reducing agent commonly used in organic reactions.
A. NaNH2 is a strong base that can be used in organic reactions as a nucleophile, but it is not a reducing agent.
B. CrO3 in acid is not a reducing agent, but an oxidizing agent commonly used to oxidize alcohols to carbonyl compounds.
C. H2 with a metal catalyst (such as Pd/C or Pt) is used in hydrogenation reactions to reduce alkenes and alkynes to alkanes, but it is not considered a reducing agent.
E. Na in NH3 (l) is used as a strong reducing agent in inorganic chemistry, but it is not commonly used in organic reactions.
Based on the given list, the reducing agents commonly used in organic reactions are: A. NaNH2 (sodium amide)
C. H2 with a metal catalyst (hydrogen gas and a metal catalyst)
D. NaBH4 (sodium borohydride)
E. Na in NH3 (l) (sodium in liquid ammonia)
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1. Which of the following would not be a good way to describe a body system?
A. Body systems are like computer programs that have to communicate with each
other in order to make the computer work.
B. Body systems are like runners in a marathon who each run alone and don't need the
other runners to finish the race.
C. Body systems are like machines with many different moving parts.
D. Body systems are like individual parts of one big story.
Answer:
the answer would be b
Explanation:
the body sytsem needs to depend on eah other in order to work
Body systems are like runners in a marathon, who each run alone and don't need the other runners to finish the race, is not a good way to describe a body system, hence option B is correct.
How body systems work together?Your digestive tract takes nutrients and water from the food you eat in to your body. The body's cells receive oxygen, water, and nutrients through your circulatory system.
Your skin, excretory system, and respiratory system all function to remove wastes from your cells.
Your body's many systems depend on one another to function properly. While your heart's muscles require oxygen from your lungs to beat, your respiratory system depends on your circulatory system to distribute the oxygen it collects.
Therefore, option B is correct.
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Mendeleev's arrangement of elements in the periodic table was based on the observations and experiments of his predecessors who studied the mass and properties of elements. (2 points) True False
Answer: True
Explanation:
Mendeleevs periodic classification is based on the atomic masses of the elements.
What causes tectonic plates to move slowly over time?
A. Convection currents in the asthenosphere carry
them.
B. Ocean currents push them in different directions.
C. Winds blow steadily on them in different directions.
D. Volcanoes move them from north to south.
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
because im smart
Read the reaction and the statement.
2X(g) + Y2(g) ⇌ 2XY(s)
The equilibrium constant for the chemical reaction is found to be 20 at 150 K.
If the concentration of X is 4.0 × 10-2 M, what is the concentration of the Y2 gas?
5.50 M
8.0 M
31.25 M
40.0 M
Answer:
[Y₂] = 31.25M
Explanation:
Based on the chemical reaction:
2X(g) + Y2(g) ⇌ 2XY(s)
We must define the equilibrium constant, K as:
K = 20 = 1 / [X]²[Y₂]
Where [X] and [Y₂] are the equilibrium concentrations of each gas.
If [X] = 4.0x10⁻²M:
20 = 1 / [4.0x10⁻²M]²[Y₂]
0.032 = 1 / [Y₂]
[Y₂] = 31.25MWhat do you notice when you get into a car that has been sitting in the sun for a while?
When you get into a car that has been sitting in the sun for a while, there are several noticeable things that may occur. Here are some of the common observations:
1. Heat: One of the first things you'll notice is the intense heat inside the car. This is because the sun's rays have been absorbed by the car's exterior and trapped inside, creating a greenhouse effect. The temperature inside the car can become significantly higher than the temperature outside.
2. Hot Surfaces: The surfaces inside the car, such as the seats, dashboard, steering wheel, and metal parts, can become extremely hot to the touch. This is due to the absorption of heat from the sun. It's important to be cautious and avoid direct contact with these hot surfaces to prevent burns or discomfort.
3. Odor: The interior of the car may have a distinct smell when it has been sitting in the sun for a while. This is often referred to as the "hot car smell." It is caused by the combination of materials, such as upholstery, plastic, and carpet, heating up and emitting a specific odor.
4. Fading or Discoloration: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause fading or discoloration of materials inside the car. For example, the upholstery, dashboard, and other surfaces may gradually lose their original color and become faded or discolored over time.
5. Glare: When you first enter a car that has been sitting in the sun, you may notice a strong glare from the sunlight reflecting off the windshield and other glass surfaces. This glare can make it difficult to see clearly and may require the use of sunglasses or adjusting the sun visors to minimize the brightness.
It's important to note that these observations may vary depending on factors such as the intensity of the sunlight, the duration the car has been in the sun, and the materials used in the car's interior. Regular maintenance and taking precautions, such as using sunshades or parking in shaded areas, can help minimize some of these effects.
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how many valence electrons are there in an argon atom?
Answer:
The element argon is in column 8A and is a noble gas. Nobles gases are completely stable because their outershell is filled with all eight electrons. Argon has eight valence electrons.
The pH of an aqueous solution is measured as
1. 79. Calculate the [H3O
+]. Answer in units of M
The concentration of H₃O⁺ ions in the aqueous solution is approximately \(1.62 \times 10^{(-2)\) M.To calculate the [H3O+] of the aqueous solution with a pH of 1.79, we need to use the formula \(:pH = -log[H3O+]\)
Rearranging the formula, we get:
\([H3O+] = 10^{(-pH)\)
Plugging in the given pH value, we get:
\([H3O+] = 10^{(-1.79)\\[H3O+] = 1.26 x 10^{(-2) }M\)
Therefore, the [H3O+] of the aqueous solution is \(1.26\times 10^{(-2)\)M.
The terms "solution" and "aqueous" indicate that we're dealing with a liquid mixture, and "pH" measures the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.
The pH formula is:
pH = -log₁₀[H₃O⁺]
Given that the pH of the solution is 1.79, you can solve for the concentration of H₃O⁺ ions ([H₃O⁺]):
1.79 = -log₁₀[H₃O⁺]
To find [H₃O⁺], follow these steps:
1. Rewrite the equation to isolate [H₃O⁺]:
-log₁₀[H₃O⁺] = 1.79
2. Take the inverse log of both sides of the equation:
\([H₃O⁺] = 10^{(-1.79)\)
3. Calculate the concentration:
\([H₃O⁺] =1.62 \times 10^{(-2) }M\)
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If 30 mL of a 0.80 M solution of K+ is mixed with 50 mL of a 0.45 M solution of ClO−4, will a precipitate be observed? The Ksp for the following equilibrium is 0.004.
KClO4(s)↽−−⇀K+(aq)+ClO−4(aq)
Yes, a precipitate will be observed when the solutions are mixed.
To determine if a precipitate will be observed, we need to calculate the ion product (Q) and compare it to the equilibrium constant (Ksp).
First, let's determine the number of moles of K+ and ClO−4 in each solution:
moles of K+ = 0.80 M x 0.030 L = 0.024
moles of ClO−4 = 0.45 M x 0.050 L = 0.0225
Next, we need to determine the final concentrations of K+ and ClO−4 in the combined solution:
final [K+] = (0.024 mol + 0 mol) / (0.030 L + 0.050 L) = 0.381 M
final [ClO−4] = (0.0225 mol + 0 mol) / (0.030 L + 0.050 L) = 0.225 M
Now, we can calculate the ion product:
Q = [K+][ClO−4] = 0.381 M x 0.225 M = 0.0857
Finally, we can compare Q to the equilibrium constant (Ksp) to determine if a precipitate will form.
If Q < Ksp, no precipitate will form because the solution is not saturated.
If Q = Ksp, the solution is at equilibrium and no net change will occur.
If Q > Ksp, a precipitate will form because the solution is supersaturated.
In this case, Ksp = 0.004, which is less than Q = 0.0857. Therefore, a precipitate will form.
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show all work.
5. How many grams of Na₂CO3 are needed to make a 50.0 mL of 1.7 M sodium carbonate (Na₂CO3) solution?
To make a 50.0 mL solution of 1.7 M sodium carbonate (Na₂CO3), we need to determine the mass of Na₂CO3 required.
To calculate the mass of Na₂CO3 needed, we can use the formula:
Mass = Concentration x Volume x Molar Mass
First, we convert the given volume from milliliters to liters:
Volume = 50.0 mL = 50.0/1000 L = 0.05 L
Next, we substitute the given concentration and volume values into the formula:
Mass = 1.7 M x 0.05 L x Molar Mass of Na₂CO3
The molar mass of Na₂CO3 can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of sodium (Na), carbon (C), and three oxygen (O) atoms:
Molar Mass of Na₂CO3 = (2 x Atomic Mass of Na) + Atomic Mass of C + (3 x Atomic Mass of O)
After obtaining the molar mass value, we can substitute it into the formula and perform the calculation to determine the mass of Na₂CO3 required to make the 50.0 mL solution of 1.7 M sodium carbonate.
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When you put water into a hot metal pan of equal mass, why does the pan cool down more than the water heats up ?
Answer:
The specific heat of water is greater than that of the metal
Explanation:
When water is put into a hot metal pan of equal mass, we discover that the pan cools down more than the water heats up because heat is rapidly transferred from the pan to the water.
This happens because the specific heat capacity of water is much greater than that of the pan hence heat is more quickly transferred from the pan to the water.
22. Which of the following elements has the smallest electron affinity? A. carbon C. neon B, oxygen D. flourine
Answer:
carbon
Explanation: carbon is the answer
Place these unknown pH test papers in order from most acidic to most alkaline.
Four pH indicator strips.
Answer:
In order of the colors of the pH test papers from most acidic solutions to most alkaline solutions, the colors of the pH test papers would be
Red > Orange/Pink > Purple > Blue
(Red) Most acidic (Blue)Most alkaline
Explanation:
We can use the different colors of pH test papers to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Definitions
A pH test paper is a strip of indicator paper which changes colour when placed in acidic or alkaline solutions.
A solution is said to be acidic if it turns the colour of the pH test paper RED
A solution is said to be alkaline/basic if it turns the colour of the pH test paper BLUE
Color changes
If the pH test paper turns red, then the solution is a very strongly acidic solution with pH less than 3 ( ie pH between 1-3)
If the pH test paper turns orange or pink, then the solution is a weak acidic solution with pH greater than 3 ut less than 7
If the pH test paper turns purple, then the solution is a weak alkaline solution with pH greater between 8-11
If the pH test paper turns blue, then the solution is a very strong alkaline solution with pH between 11 - 14
Summary
Therefore, in order of color changes from the most acidic solutions to most alkaline solutions, the colors of the pH test papers would be
Red > Orange/Pink > Purple > Blue
Most acidic Most alkaline
Answer:
d<c<a<b
Explanation:
The structural formulas for two isomers of 1, 2-dichloroethene are shown above. Which of the two liquids has the higher equilibrium vapor pressure at 20 celsius, and why?
The isomer with the higher equilibrium vapor pressure at 20 celsius is the cis-isomer of 1,2-dichloroethene. This is because the cis-isomer has a more symmetrical structure, with the two chlorine atoms on the same side of the double bond, which allows for stronger intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules.
These stronger intermolecular forces lead to a higher boiling point and vapor pressure.
On the other hand, the trans-isomer has a less symmetrical structure, with the two chlorine atoms on opposite sides of the double bond, which leads to weaker intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules. As a result, the trans-isomer has a lower boiling point and vapor pressure than the cis-isomer.
Overall, the molecular structure of each isomer plays a critical role in determining its vapor pressure. The more symmetrical the structure, the stronger the intermolecular forces and the higher the vapor pressure. In this case, the cis-isomer has a more symmetrical structure and thus has a higher equilibrium vapor pressure at 20 celsius.
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Type the correct answer in the box. Given: SiO2 4HF → SiF4 2H2O In this chemical reaction, how many grams of HF are needed for 182 grams of SiO2 to react completely? Express your answer to three significant figures. The reaction requires grams of HF.
The mass of the substance is the product of the molar mass and the moles of the substance in the compound. The amount of the HF required in the reaction is 242 gm.
What is the relation of the mass and moles?Mass is given as the product of the moles of the substance and of the molar mass of the substance in the compound.
Given,
Molar mass of Silicon dioxide = 60g/mol
mass of Silicon dioxide = 182 g
Molar mass of HF = 20 g/mol
Moles of the Silicon dioxide can be calculated as,
\(\begin{aligned}\rm Moles &= \rm \dfrac{mass}{molar\;mass}\\\\&= {182}{60}\\\\&= 3.03\end{aligned}\)
The balanced chemical reaction can be shown as,
\(\rm SiO_{2} + 4HF \rightarrow SiF_{4} + 2H_{2}O\)
From the reaction, it can deduce that,
1 mole of silicon dioxide reacts with 4 moles of HF
So, 3.03 moles of silicon dioxide reacts with 12.12 moles of HF
Mass of HF can be calculated as,
\(\begin{aligned}\text{mass of HF} &= \rm moles \times \rm molar \; mass\\\\&= 12.12 \times 20\\\\&= 242 \;\rm g\end{aligned}\)
Therefore, the reaction requires 242 gm of HF.
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Describe the bonding process when two hydrogen atoms combine to
form a diatomic molecule of hydrogen.
Answer:
The electrons located between the two nuclei are bonding electrons. A hydrogen molecule forms from two hydrogen atoms, each with one electron in a 1 s orbital. The two hydrogen atoms are attracted to the same pair of electrons in the covalent bond. The bond is represented either as a pair of dots or as a solid line.
(d)
A teacher collected two tubes full of hydrogen gas, as shown in figure 3
She tested tube A with a lighted splint as soon as she took the bung out.
She tested tube B with a lighted splint a few seconds after taking the bung out.
(1) Suggest why tube B gave a much louder pop than tube A.
Answer:
Explanation:
This practical can be used to introduce the idea that the relative amounts of a fuel and oxygen (from air) are important in combustion, and that there will be an optimum ratio in which the two substances react. This leads on to the idea of chemical equations.
In the case of a class experiment, where students generate the hydrogen themselves under strict supervision, all the hydrogen generators must be collected once the test tubes have been filled and before any flames are lit, to prevent the possibility of accidental or deliberate ignition of the hydrogen in the generator. This has caused a number of accidents in the past. Alternatively the test tubes could be filled with hydrogen beforehand, or by students under supervision, from a steady cylinder supply.
What is a trial?(1 point)
Responses
one of a series of tests
one of a series of tests
an item used in a test
an item used in a test
a plan to test an idea
a plan to test an idea
the result of a series of tests
A trial refers to a plan to test an idea. A trial is a test, a plan to test an idea, or one of a series of tests that are designed to determine whether a hypothesis or a theory can be verified or disapproved in the field of science.
Trials are conducted to assess the effectiveness of new medications or to identify the underlying cause of a disease, among other things. A hypothesis is developed in which the scientist predicts the outcome of the trial before it is conducted. The null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no significant difference between the control and test groups, is another hypothesis. After the trial has been conducted, the outcomes are evaluated, and the hypothesis is either confirmed or refuted based on the findings. Trials are critical in determining the effectiveness of new treatments and interventions for human illnesses and ailments. They are the primary technique used to determine if new medicines or therapies are effective, and they can assist in establishing the scientific basis for a specific medicine or therapy.
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Which of these ions is most likely to be leached from the soil?
a. magnesium ions,
b. chlorine ions,
c. calcium ions,
d. iron ions
e. potassium ions
what type of reaction is performed with the elephant toothpaste demonstration?
The reaction performed with the elephant toothpaste demonstration is known as a decomposition reaction.
Decomposition Reaction:The process of breaking down a chemical compound into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions is known as a decomposition reaction. It is also known as analysis or disintegration. A reaction in which a single substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances is known as a decomposition reaction. The elephant toothpaste demonstration is a simple chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide breaks down into oxygen gas and water in a matter of seconds.
The formula for hydrogen peroxide is H₂O₂. It is a pale blue liquid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and water. When you add yeast, soap, and food coloring, the reaction is more exciting. The yeast acts as a catalyst, breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. The oxygen gas created causes the soap to foam up, creating the "elephant toothpaste" effect. The chemical reaction that takes place during the elephant toothpaste demonstration can be written as follows:
2H₂O₂(liquid) → 2H₂O (liquid) + O₂ (gas)
This reaction is an example of a decomposition reaction.
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A metal sphere of 0. 5 kg is heated to 300 oc, than dropped into a beaker holding 4. 08 kg mercury at 20 oc. The temperature of the mercury stabilizes at 99oc after a couple of minutes. What metal was the sphere made of?.
The metal sphere was made of a substance with a specific heat capacity of 4,512.48J/kg-K.
Calculate the total heat energy required to raise the temperature of the metal sphere:
Q = mc∆T
Where m is the mass of the metal sphere (0.5 kg), c is the specific heat capacity (unknown), and ∆T is the change in temperature (300 oC - 20 oC = 280 oC).
Q = (0.5 kg)(887 J/kg-K)(280 oC)
Q = 125,160 J
Calculate the total heat energy required to raise the temperature of the mercury:
Q = mc∆T
Where m is the mass of the mercury (4.08 kg), c is the specific heat capacity of mercury (0.14 J/g-K), and ∆T is the change in temperature (99 oC - 20 oC = 79 oC).
Q = (4.08 kg)(0.14 J/g-K)(79 oC)
Q = 4,512.48J/kg-K
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a mixture containing nitrogen and hydrogen weighs 3.54 g and occupies a volume of 7.48 l at 305 k and 1.03 atm. calculate the mass percent of n2. assume ideal-gas behavior and report answer as a percent. (3 sf) [1.24]
Answer: Mass percent N2 = 79.55% (to 3 significant figures).
To calculate the mass percent of N2 in the mixture, first calculate the molar mass of the mixture, which is:
Molar mass = (3.54g * 1 mol/28.0134 g) + (7.48 l * 1.03 atm * 0.08206 l * atm / (305 K * 0.7302 mol/g))
Molar mass = 3.542 g/mol
Then, calculate the mass percent of N2 in the mixture:
Mass percent N2 = (28.0134 g * 1 mol/3.542 g) * 100%
Mass percent N2 = 79.55% (to 3 significant figures).
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3.0 mol Na reacts with 1.4 mol
F2 according to the equation below:
2Na+ F₂ → 2NaF
How many moles of NaF form
from 3.0 mol Na?
The number of moles of NaF that will be produced from 3moles of Na is 3 moles.
How to calculate number of moles?Stoichiometry is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).
According to this question, sodium reacts with fluorine as follows:
2Na+ F₂ → 2NaF
Based on the above equation, 2 moles of Na will produce 2 moles of NaF
This means that 3 moles of Na will produce 3 moles of NaF.
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How many total electrons are in the Pb^4+ ion?
A. 82
B.86
C.78
Answer:
\(82\)
Answer:
\(\boxed {\boxed {\sf 72 \ electrons}}\)
Explanation:
Lead (Pb) has 82 protons, or positively charged particles. If this was a neutral atom of lead, then there would also be 82 electrons, or negatively charge particles to balance each other out and create an overall charge of 0.
However, we are given an ion of lead (Pb⁴⁺) which means the electrons and protons are not equal.
This is a 4+ ion. Since it is more positive, there must be fewer electrons than protons. In this case, it is 4 fewer electrons.
82 - 4= 78There must be 78 electrons.
GIVING 30 POINTSSS Please HELPP
Answer: The second one
Explanation: Color works by specific light wavelengths reflecting off surfaces and reaching our eyes. If the red light is absorbed it can't reach our eye cones and we won't be able to see it.
22.0 ml of 0.100 m naoh is required to titrate 0.500 g of a mixture containing ascorbic acid. calculate the % ascorbic acid in the mixture. (the molar mass of ascorbic acid is 176.13 g/mol)
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ascorbic acid (H2C6H6O6) with NaOH is:
H2C6H6O6 + 2 NaOH → Na2C6H6O6 + 2 H2O
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of ascorbic acid reacts with 2 moles of NaOH.
The number of moles of NaOH used in the titration is:
n(NaOH) = C(NaOH) x V(NaOH)
n(NaOH) = 0.100 mol/L x 0.0220 L
n(NaOH) = 0.00220 mol
Since 2 moles of NaOH react with 1 mole of ascorbic acid, the number of moles of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:
n(H2C6H6O6) = 0.00220 mol / 2 = 0.00110 mol
The mass of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:
m(H2C6H6O6) = n(H2C6H6O6) x M(H2C6H6O6)
m(H2C6H6O6) = 0.00110 mol x 176.13 g/mol
m(H2C6H6O6) = 0.193 g
The percentage of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:
% H2C6H6O6 = (m(H2C6H6O6) / m(mixture)) x 100%
% H2C6H6O6 = (0.193 g / 0.500 g) x 100%
% H2C6H6O6 = 38.6%
Therefore, the mixture contains 38.6% ascorbic acid.
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why is the "theory of evolution" a law?
Answer:
Evolution is only a theory. It is not a fact or a scientific law. Many people learned in elementary school that a theory falls in the middle of a hierarchy of certainty—above a mere hypothesis but below a law. Scientists do not use the terms that way, however
In the diagram, which organism is a primary consumer?
clover
owl
rabbit
hawk
Answer:
Rabbit they eat plants for energy
Explanation:
Answer:
Clover
Explanation:
A clover is the only organism that makes its own food, usually from the sun. The other three need to eat to get their energy. Rabbits eat plants, owls eat insects, and hawks eat other types of animals such as fish.