1- Write Gauss’ Law.

2- Consider an electric field line passing through a closed surface. What is the sign of the flux if:

a) The line passes from inside to outside?

b)The line passes from outside to inside?

Think of a conductor as having both positive and negative mobile charges. Consider a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium – that is, whose charges are stationary.

3- Given that all of the charges are stationary, what must the E-field be at any point inside of the conductor?

Answers

Answer 1

1)The total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity. The electric flux through an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area of the surface projected in a plane perpendicular to the field.


Related Questions

what is meant by reticlinear propatigation of light?

Answers

Answer:

The property of light going in a straight lines in a homogenous straightforward medium is known as rectilinear engendering of light.

Answer:

the property of light travelling in a straight lines in a homogenous transparent medium

Explanation:

Universal Gravitational Concepts and Mathematics
10 of 16
POSSIBLE POINTS: 6.25
A 35 kg object is on the surface of Venus. Venus has a mass of 4.87x10^24 kg and a radius of 6.05x10^6
m. What is the weight of the object on Venus?
35 N
35 kg
0 343 kg
311 N
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
Next

Answers

First of all, weight is a force typically measured in Newtons. So right away, you can eliminate 35 kg and 343 kg from the given choices.

The object's weight F on Venus as given by the universal law of gravitation is

F = G (35 kg) (4.87 x 10²⁴ kg) / (6.05 x 10⁶ m)²

where G = 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ N•m²/kg² is the gravitational constant. You would find the weight of the object to be

F ≈ 310.8 N

so the closest answer is 311 N.

Please answer the questions... I will surely mark you as the brainliest according to me :)

Please answer the questions... I will surely mark you as the brainliest according to me :)

Answers

Answer:

(a) You can tell that have the same strength because they have attracted the same amount of paper clips.

(b) Iron is used in electromagnets because steel retained magnetic properties after the power was turned off, but in the iron, the paper clips dropped off right away.

If the participants have been reassigned, what type of variable would each have been??

If the participants have been reassigned, what type of variable would each have been??

Answers

If the participants hadn't been reassigned, age would have been a confounding variable. Option D

What are confounding variables?

A confounding variable is a variable that is associated with both the independent variable and the dependent variable.

In this case, age is associated with both video game playing and mood. Younger people are more likely to play video games, and they are also more likely to have better moods.

If the participants hadn't been reassigned, the difference in mood between the experimental and control groups could have been due to the difference in age, not the difference in video game playing.

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a. At a constant temperature, the volume of the vessel is compressed to half. How will the rms speed of gas in it change? [2] Air at temper 9727​

Answers

According to the information, the rms speed of the gas will remain unchanged.

How will the rms speed of gas in it change?

The rms (root-mean-square) speed of a gas is directly proportional to the square root of its temperature. In this scenario, the temperature is constant, which means that the rms speed of the gas will also remain constant.

The change in volume does not have a direct effect on the rms speed of the gas, as long as the temperature remains unchanged. Therefore, the rms speed of the gas in the vessel will not change.

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A heat engine does 200 J of work per cycle while exhausting 400 J of waste heat. what is the engine's thermal efficiency?

Answers

The thermal efficiency of an engine is
N=W/Q
where
W is the work done by the engine
Q is the heat absorbed by the engine to do the work

In this problem, the work done by the engine is W=200 J, while the heat exhausted is Q=400 J, so the efficiency of the machine is
N=200J/400J=0.50=50%
I hope this helps!

The engine thermal efficiency is 50%

The engine does 200 joules of work per cycle

It exhausts 400 j

The thermal efficiency can be calculated as follows

= 200/400

= 0.5 × 100

= 50 %

Hence the engine thermal efficiency is 50%

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If R1 and R2 are in parallel and R3 is in series with them then equivalent resistance will be

Answers

Answer:

Refer to the attachment!~

If R1 and R2 are in parallel and R3 is in series with them then equivalent resistance will be

Define kinetic Energy and thermal energy. Describe what happens to each as the temperature of a substance is increases.

Answers

Explanation:

Kinetic energy is the energy by virtue of

object's motion whereas Thermal energy is

the internal energy of an object due to the

kinetic energy of its atoms.

On Increasing temperature, they both

increases

What is audience going to be in the nine grade physic MCAS 

Answers

The audience for the 9th grade physics MCAS is students in the 9th grade who are taking the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) physics exam.

How to explain the information

The exam is designed to assess students' knowledge and skills in physics, and it is used to make decisions about students' placement in courses, graduation requirements, and eligibility for college and career programs.

The 9th grade physics MCAS is a multiple-choice exam that consists of 50 questions. The questions are based on the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for Science, which outlines the standards that students are expected to meet in physics.

Students who take the 9th grade physics MCAS must score at least proficient in order to meet the state's graduation requirements. Students who score below proficient may be required to take additional courses or remediation.

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A roller coaster is at a peak of 20m and has a mass of 900kg. What is the potential energy of the roller coaster?
O 100000 J
10000 J
O 9.8 J
O 176400 J

Answers

The potential energy of the roller coaster is 176,400 J (joules).

The potential energy of an object is given by the formula PE = mgh, where PE is the potential energy, m is the mass of the object, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height or vertical position of the object.

In this case, the roller coaster is at a peak of 20m and has a mass of 900kg. The acceleration due to gravity, g, is approximately 9.8 \(m/s^2\).

Using the formula, we can calculate the potential energy:

PE = mgh

= (900 kg)(9.8 \(m/s^2\))(20 m)

= 176,400 J

Therefore, the potential energy of the roller coaster is 176,400 J (joules).

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Write a short essay describing the six key features of Mesopotamia. Be sure to include how it advanced human society as a whole.

Write a short essay describing the six key features of Mesopotamia. Be sure to include how it advanced

Answers

Mesopotamia, with its key features of specialization, government, cities, religion, trade, and written records, advanced human society by fostering economic growth, establishing governance structures, creating urban centers, facilitating cultural exchange, promoting trade networks, and revolutionizing communication and knowledge preservation through writing.

Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization," possessed several key features that contributed to its advancement and influenced human society as a whole. These features include specialization, government, cities, religion, trade, and written records. Let's explore each of these key features and their significance.

Specialization: Mesopotamian society developed specialization, where individuals began to focus on specific occupations and trades. This led to the emergence of skilled craftsmen, farmers, priests, scribes, and merchants. Specialization allowed for the production of surplus goods, leading to economic growth and the establishment of a more complex society.

Government: Mesopotamia witnessed the development of early forms of government. Initially, city-states were governed by religious leaders known as priest-kings. Over time, as society grew more complex, secular leaders, such as kings, emerged to rule the city-states. These early forms of governance laid the foundation for later systems of government and administration.

Cities: Mesopotamia was characterized by the rise of urban centers. These cities served as political, economic, and cultural hubs. They were densely populated, with advanced infrastructure, including defensive walls, temples, markets, and residential areas. The cities of Mesopotamia, such as Ur, Uruk, and Babylon, provided the framework for the organization and development of early urban societies.

Religion: Religion played a central role in Mesopotamian society. The people of Mesopotamia believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses and practiced polytheism. Temples were constructed as sacred spaces to honor and worship deities. Priests held significant influence, serving as intermediaries between the people and the divine. Religious beliefs and rituals provided a sense of identity, social cohesion, and moral guidance to the Mesopotamian community.

Trade: Mesopotamia's strategic location between major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, facilitated extensive trade networks. The abundance of resources, such as fertile land for agriculture, allowed for surplus production. This surplus was exchanged with neighboring regions, fostering trade and the establishment of commercial relationships. The exchange of goods and ideas through trade networks promoted cultural diffusion and contributed to the overall prosperity and interconnectedness of Mesopotamia.

Written Records: Mesopotamia is credited with the invention of writing, making it one of the earliest literate civilizations. Scribes used wedge-shaped marks known as cuneiform to record important information on clay tablets. The development of writing enabled the recording of laws, contracts, administrative documents, literature, and historical accounts. Written records not only facilitated communication and administration but also served as a means of preserving knowledge and passing it down through generations.

Collectively, these key features of Mesopotamia played a pivotal role in advancing human society as a whole. Specialization allowed for the efficient allocation of resources and the growth of economies. The establishment of early forms of government provided organization and stability to communities. Urbanization transformed social structures and fostered cultural and intellectual exchange. Religion served as a unifying force and provided a moral framework. Trade networks expanded horizons and facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas. Finally, the invention of writing revolutionized communication, education, and the preservation of knowledge.

Therefore, Mesopotamia's legacy as a cradle of civilization lies in its ability to establish foundations for complex societies, laying the groundwork for subsequent advancements in various aspects of human life.

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PLEASE ANSWER FASG I WILL MARK BRAINELIST PLEASEEEEE
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the species of the atom, i.e., the element to which the atom belongs. An atom has the same number of protons and neutrons. But the electron number cannot be used instead because (5 points)
a. electrons are not within the nucleus
b. electrons are negatively charged
c. electrons can be removed from or added to an atom
d. electrons are lighter than protons

Answers

The electron number cannot be used instead because electrons can be removed from or added to an atom (option C)

Why the electron number cannot be used instead?

The element of an atom is determined by its proton count, while the electron count can exhibit variability. Take, for instance, a sodium atom, which encompasses 11 protons and 11 electrons. However, it has the capacity to relinquish one electron, transforming into a sodium ion housing only 10 electrons.

This occurs due to the relatively loose binding of electrons to the nucleus, enabling their removal through the influence of an electric field or alternative mechanisms.

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How does Doppler ultrasound technology differ from ultrasound technology
that does not use the Doppler effect?
A. Doppler ultrasound collects data from moving objects.
B. Other ultrasound technology creates images, but Doppler
ultrasound does not.
C. Doppler ultrasound creates images, but other ultrasound
technology does not.
D. Doppler ultrasound is based on absorption of sound, and other
ultrasound technology is based on reflection.

Answers

Answer:

A. Doppler ultrasound collects data from moving objects

Explanation:

Did the test !!

Answer:A. Doppler ultrasound collects data from moving objects.

Explanation: just got it right

on my test

Help me please I wrote some but I am still stuck

Help me please I wrote some but I am still stuck

Answers

Answer:

write something like after the spacecraft launched all of the potential energy transformed into kinetic energy causing the spacecraft to go at an abnormal spped.

Explanation:


A cyclist bikes with an average velocity of 20 m/s for 5 seconds.

What is the magnitude of the cyclist's displacement?
Your answer should have one significant figure.

Answers

Explanation:

v = s/t

20 = s/5

100 = s

s = 100 = 1 × 10².

When a cyclist bikes with an average velocity of 20 m/s for 5 seconds, the magnitude of the cyclist displacement would be 1×10² meters.

What is Velocity?

The total displacement covered by any object per unit of time is known as velocity. It depends on the magnitude as well as the direction of the moving object. The unit of velocity is meter/second. It can also be represented by the infinitesimal rate of change of displacement with respect to time. The generally considered unit for velocity is a meter per second.

The mathematical expression for velocity is given by the formula

velocity= total displacement/Total time

The area under the velocity-time graph represents the total displacement covered by the object while the slope of the velocity time graph represents the acceleration of the object.

For the given problem when a cyclist bikes with an average velocity of 20 m/s for 5 seconds,

Displacement =velocity×time

                       =20×5

                       =1×10²

The magnitude of the cyclist's displacement is 1×10²

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For 2 non-perpendicular vectors, R is calculated by component method.
5. A baseball player leaves the bench and runs A= 25 m [E] and then B=40 m [SW].
Draw these two vectors, determine their x- and y-components, then draw their
resultant vector R by triangle method .Use scale 5 m= 1 cm. Calculate R by
component method and compare with the graphical value.

Answers

Answer:

30.3 meters, 172 degrees.

Explanation:

Skid of weight 440 N is stuck in the middle of a circular frozen pond of radius 5 m. He cannot move because the pond is absolutely frictionless. He happens to have his 2.6 kg physics textbook so he looks for a solution to his problem. Unable to find a solution he throws his physics textbook in a fit a rage. Skid throws it at a velocity of 4 m/s directly away from him. After throwing the book, how long does it take Skid to reach the edge of the pond

Answers

Answer:

It takes 21.7 seconds for Skid to reach the edge of the pond.

Explanation:

We can calculate the time that takes Skid to reach the edge of the pond by conservation of linear momentum:

\( p_{i} = p_{f} \)

\( m_{1}v_{1_{i}} + m_{2}v_{2_{i}} = m_{1}v_{1_{f}} - m_{2}v_{2_{f}} \)  (1)

Where:

m₁: is the Skid's mass

m₂: is the book's mass = 2.6 kg

\(v_{1_{i}}\): is the initial speed of Skid = 0 (he was at rest)

\(v_{2_{i}}\): is the initial speed of the book = 0 (it was at rest)

\(v_{1_{f}}\): is the final speed of Skid =?

\(v_{2_{f}}\): is the final speed of the book = 4 m/s. This value is negative since it is moving in the opposite direction of Skid.

First, we need to calculate Skid's mass.  

\( m_{1} = \frac{P}{g} \)

Where:

P: is the weight of Skid = 440 N

g: is the acceleration due to gravity  = 9.81 m/s²

\( m_{1} = \frac{P}{g} =\frac{440 N}{9.81 m/s^{2}} = 44.8 kg \)

Now, we can find the speed of Skid from equation (1):

\( 0 = 44.8 kg*v_{1_{f}} - 2.6 kg*4 m/s \)          

\( v_{1_{f}} = \frac{2.6 kg*4 m/s}{44.8 kg} = 0.23 m/s \)

Finally, the time to reach the edge can be found by using the following equation:

\( v_{1_{f}} = \frac{d}{t} \)

Where:

d: is the distance = radius = 5 m

t: is the time =?

\( t = \frac{d}{v_{1_{f}}} = \frac{5 m}{0.23 m/s} = 21.7 s \)

Therefore, it takes 21.7 seconds for Skid to reach the edge of the pond.

I hope it helps you!  

What speed must a 600 kg car have in order to have the same momentum as a 1200 kg truck traveling at a velocity of 10 m/s to the west? 5 m/s west B 20 mls west 5 m/s east 20 m/s east

A) 5m/s west
B) 20m/s west
C) 5m/s east
D) 20m/s east

Answers

Answer:

20 m/s

Explanation:


A golfer hits a stationary golf ball and gives it a velocity of 57.5 m/s. The golf ball has a mass of 0.045 kg. The impact of the golf club and the ball
was 0.3 seconds. Calculate the force the golfer puts on the golf ball.

Answers

Answer:

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An air puck of mass 0.030 kg is tied to a string
and allowed to revolve in a circle of radius 1.2
m on a frictionless horizontal surface. The
other end of the string passes through a hole
in the center of the surface, and a mass of
2.7 kg is tied to it, as shown. The suspended
mass remains in equilibrium while the puck
revolves on the surface. What is the magnitude of the force that
maintains circular motion acting on the puck?
The acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s^2 answer in Newtons.
Part 2: What is the linear speed of the puck?
Answer in units of m/s.

Answers

9.8 N is the magnitude of the force that maintains circular motion acting on the puck.

32.53 m/sec is the linear speed of the puck.

What is force?

The term "force" has a specific meaning in science. At this level, it is quite acceptable to refer to a force as a push or a pull. An item does not have a force inside of it or within it. Another item applies a force to another. The concept of a force is not restricted to living or non-living entities. An external force is an agent that has the power to alter the resting or moving condition of a body. It has a direction and a magnitude.

As we know, from free body diagram, when the system is in equillibrium, the force acting on the puck on the table is as follows:

When the air puck of mass is revolving round the circle, then the tension (T) in the top string and the bottom of the string is same.

F = T

F = 9.8 N

Now, calculate the velocity of the puck:

From the given data, the air puck moves in a circular path. Hence, the tension in the top string is equal to the centripetal force acting on the puck.

Thus, the expression for the tension in the top string is as follows:

T = mv² / R

The velocity of the puck is as follows:

Mg = mv² / R

v² = MgR / m

v² = (2.7 × 9.8 × 1.2 ) / 0.030

v² = 1058.4

v = \(\sqrt{1058.4}\)

v = 32.53 m/sec

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A car starts at a position of 1 km and moves to a final position of -3 km. What is the total distance traveled by the car?

Answers

The total distance covered by the car is 4 kilometers, this is because we are taking into account displacement and not just distance.

What is displacement?

Displacement is defined as the change in the position of an object while distance is an object's overall movement in a directionless fashion.

There are many different units that can be used to measure distance (inches, feet, miles, kilometers, and centimeters), but the meter is the SI unit. It is a scalar amount because it does not consider

On the number line, we can see the movement as follows

1 0 -1 -2 -3= 4km

Distance is always positive and never gets smaller as you move. Displacement can be negative, positive, or zero because it refers to the change in the position of an object with respect to its original location.

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An object is placed at several different distances to the left of the lenses and mirrors (focal length = f). For each case, draw the 3 principal rays to locate the image and then (S.A.L.T.) [Size, Attitude, Location, Type] the image.

An object is placed at several different distances to the left of the lenses and mirrors (focal length

Answers

To determine the image characteristics using the 3 principal rays and SALTS (Size, Attitude, Location, Type), we'll consider both lenses and mirrors separately. Here's how you can analyze each case:

Lenses:

Place an object at different distances to the left of a lens with a focal length (f).

a) Object placed beyond 2f:

In this case, the object is placed far beyond twice the focal length of the lens.

Principal ray 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the focal point on the opposite side.

Principal ray 2: A ray passing through the optical center will continue in a straight line without any deviation.

Principal ray 3: A ray passing through the focal point on the object side will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

The image will be formed on the opposite side of the lens, between the focal point and twice the focal length.

SALTS:

Size: The image will be smaller than the object.

Attitude: The image will be inverted.

Location: The image will be located between the focal point and twice the focal length.

Type: The image will be real.

b) Object placed at 2f:

In this case, the object is placed at twice the focal length of the lens.

Principal ray 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the focal point on the opposite side.

Principal ray 2: A ray passing through the optical center will continue in a straight line without any deviation.

Principal ray 3: A ray passing through the focal point on the object side will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

The image will be formed on the opposite side of the lens at twice the focal length.

SALTS:

Size: The image will be the same size as the object.

Attitude: The image will be inverted.

Location: The image will be located at twice the focal length.

Type: The image will be real.

c) Object placed between f and 2f:

In this case, the object is placed between the focal point and twice the focal length of the lens.

In this case, the object is placed far beyond twice the focal length of the mirror.

Principal ray 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis will reflect through the focal point on the same side.

Principal ray 2: A ray passing through the focal point on the object side will reflect parallel to the principal axis.

Principal ray 3: A ray passing through the center of curvature will reflect back along the same path.

The image will be formed on the opposite side of the mirror, between the focal point and twice the focal length.

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A mass m is gently placed on the end of a freely hanging spring. The mass then falls 33 cm before it stops and begins to rise. What is the frequency of the oscillation

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The mass falls by .33 m before it begins to rise . At that point loss of potential energy is equal to gain of elastic energy .

1/2 k x² = mgx

.5 x k x .33² = m x 9.8 x .33

k / m = 59.4

frequency of oscillation =  \(\frac{1}{2\pi} \times\sqrt{\frac{k}{m} }\)

= \(\frac{1}{2\pi} \times\sqrt{59.4}\)

= 1.22 per second .

Place the lunar phases in the correct order. !QUICK! (I WILL GIVE BRAINLEST!!!!!)

Place the lunar phases in the correct order. !QUICK! (I WILL GIVE BRAINLEST!!!!!)
Place the lunar phases in the correct order. !QUICK! (I WILL GIVE BRAINLEST!!!!!)

Answers

Answer:

Here:

Explanation:

These eight phases are, in order, new Moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full Moon, waning gibbous, third quarter and waning crescent. The cycle repeats once a month (every 29.5 days).

The worker in the picture is
A) letting the pulley do all the work.
B) not doing work because he is using a pulley. C) doing work because he is moving the bale of cotton.
D) transforming mechanical energy to potential energy ​

Answers

It is C) doing work because he is moving the bale of cotton.It only makes sense he is still doing work the pulley is just making it easier.

A French submarine and a U.S. submarine move toward each other during maneuvers in motionless water in the North Atlantic. The French sub moves at 43.00 km/hkm/h , and the U.S. sub at 64.00 km/hkm/h . The French sub sends out a sonar signal (sound wave in water) at 1000 Hz. Sonar waves travel at 5470 km/hkm/h . What is the signal's frequency as detected by the U.S. sub

Answers

Answer:

\(f_{U}= 1019.72hz\)

Explanation:

From the equation we are told that:

Velocity of French sub \(V_{U}= 43.00km/h\)

Velocity of U.S. sub at \(V_{F}|=64.00 km//h\)

French Wave Frequency  \(F_{F}=1000Hz\)

Velocity of wave  \(V_{s}=5470 km/h\)

Generally the equation for Signal's frequency as detected by the U.S. is mathematically given by

Doppler effect

 \(f_{U} = \frac{ f_F (vs + v_{U})}{(v_s - v_F) }\)

 \(f_{U}= \frac{ 1000 x ( 5470+64)}{(5470-43)}\)

 \(f_{U}= 1019.72hz\)

A standing wave is produced in a vibrating string in its harmonic as shown in the figure. If the length of the string is 20m and the frequency of the vibrating motor is 854Hz. What's the speed of wave?

Answers

The speed of the wave on the vibrating string is 17,080 m/s.

In a standing wave on a vibrating string, the length of the string is related to the wavelength of the wave. In the harmonic shown in the figure, we can observe one complete wavelength in the length of the string, which means the length of the string is equal to one wavelength.

Since the frequency of the vibrating motor is given as 854 Hz, we can use the formula v = fλ to calculate the speed of the wave. Here, v represents the speed of the wave, f represents the frequency, and λ represents the wavelength.

Since the length of the string is equal to one wavelength, we can substitute the length of the string (20 m) for the wavelength (λ).

v = fλ

v = (854 Hz)(20 m)

v = 17,080 m/s

Therefore, the speed of the wave on the vibrating string is 17,080 m/s.

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How is the amplitude related to the energy of a wave?

Answers

Answer:

The higher the amplitude, the higher the energy.

A 60kg man jumps off a 30 foot building. Assuming he falls from rest and there is negligible air resistance, how long will it take him to reach the ground?​

Answers

Answer:

1.37 seconds before.... splat !

Explanation:

y = y0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2      y0 = 30       y = 0

                    v0 = 0 ( from rest)

                            a = - 32.2 ft/s^2

0 = 30 - 1/2 * 32.2 * t^2

t=1.366 seconds                    Note that   mass   is irrelevant.

Question One
a. Why is it important to calibrate a measuring instrument regularly?
[1 marks]
b. An instrument with a standard signal of 4 mA - 20 mA is installed to measure the volume of
fluid in a cylindrical tank of height 40 m and a diameter of 6 m.
i.
If the sensor for the measurement of the volume should not have a direct contact with
the fluid, what type of sensor would you recommend to be installed?
[1 marks]
ii. Describe how you will calibrate the sensor to be able to measure the minimum and
maximum volume of fluid in the tank.
iii.
iv.
vi.
Attempt all questions.
vii.
[2 marks]
What is the maximum volume of the tank?
[2 marks]
What is the volume of the fluid in the tank if the output signal of the instrument is 14
[2 marks]
mA?
What will be the value of the output signal of the instrument if the volume of the fluid
in the tank is 65% of the maximum capacity of the tank?
[2 marks]
What will be the volume of the fluid if the sensor produces a signal of 17 mA? Express
it as a percentage.
[2 marks]
Comment on the instrument performance if a signal of 15.7 'mA is produced when the
volume of the fluid in tank is 75% of the maximum tank capacity. [2 marks]
type proximity
[1 marks]
c. Distinguish between a capacitive type proximity sensor and an inductive
switch.

Answers

a. It is important to calibrate a measuring instrument regularly for the following reasons:

Accuracy: Over time, measuring instruments can drift from their original calibration due to factors such as environmental conditions, wear, and tear, or component aging.

Compliance: In many industries, calibration is a requirement to comply with quality standards, regulations, and certifications.

Confidence: Calibration instills confidence in the measurement results obtained from the instrument.

b. i. If the sensor for measuring the volume of fluid should not have direct contact with the fluid, a suitable sensor would be a non-contact or remote-level sensor. Examples include ultrasonic sensors, radar sensors, or laser distance sensors. These sensors can measure the distance to the fluid surface without physically touching it.

ii. To calibrate the sensor to measure the minimum and maximum volume of fluid in the tank, the following steps can be taken:

Empty Tank Calibration: With the tank completely empty, the sensor should be calibrated to read the minimum volume of fluid, which is 0 m³, or any other reference point desired.

Full Tank Calibration: The tank should be filled to its maximum capacity. The sensor is then calibrated to read the maximum volume of fluid, which is the volume when the tank is at its full capacity.

iii. The maximum volume of the tank can be calculated using its dimensions. The formula for calculating the volume of a cylinder is:

Volume = π * (radius)² * height

Given the diameter (6 m), we can calculate the radius as 6 m / 2 = 3 m.

Maximum Volume = π * (3 m)² * 40 m

iv. The volume of the fluid in the tank can be determined using the linear relationship between the output signal of the instrument and the volume. Since the signal range is from 4 mA to 20 mA, and this range corresponds to the minimum and maximum volume of the tank, we can create a linear equation or calibration curve relating the output signal to the volume.

v. To calculate the volume of the fluid in the tank when the output signal is 14 mA, we use the calibration curve or linear equation obtained during calibration.

vi. To determine the output signal when the volume of the fluid in the tank is 65% of the maximum capacity, we use the calibration curve or linear equation obtained during calibration.

vii. To determine the volume of the fluid when the sensor produces a signal of 17 mA, we use the calibration curve or linear equation obtained during calibration and express the result as a percentage of the maximum capacity of the tank.

c. Distinguishing between a capacitive type proximity sensor and an inductive switch:

Capacitive Proximity Sensor: A capacitive proximity sensor uses changes in capacitance to detect the presence or absence of an object. It works based on the principle that the capacitance between the sensor and an object changes when the object enters the sensing range.

Inductive Switch: An inductive switch, also known as an inductive proximity sensor, operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

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